Science takes a more cautious approach: risks and potential benefits depend on dosage, frequency, age of onset, THC content, and individual vulnerability.
Major reviews highlight a link between frequent or high-potency cannabis use and psychosis-like symptoms, as well as cognitive decline, while therapeutic effects are limited to specific conditions and usage protocols (CDC, 2024).
Psychosis and Product Potency
Higher THC levels and more frequent use increase the risk of psychotic episodes in some individuals. Meta-analyses and large observational studies connect regular use of high-potency cannabis to a greater likelihood of a first psychotic episode and earlier onset of psychotic disorders. Recent studies confirm that acute psychosis-like symptoms can occur with both recreational and medical cannabis use, especially in predisposed individuals (Nature Mental Health, 2024). Notably, young men with cannabis use disorder face a heightened risk of schizophrenia (NIDA, 2023).
Anxiety, Depression, and Cognitive Functions
Cannabis affects brain regions responsible for attention, memory, decision-making, and emotions (CDC). A year-long study of individuals with medical cannabis access showed changes in brain activity during working memory and self-control tasks, suggesting potential vulnerability in cognitive processes with chronic use. Links to anxiety and depression are mixed: for some, cannabis may temporarily ease distress, but frequent use and high doses are associated with worsening mood and increased symptom flare-ups.
Who’s Most Vulnerable
Teenagers and young adults should exercise particular caution, as early and frequent cannabis use heightens the risk of long-term mental health issues. Hereditary and personal risk factors, such as a family history of psychosis, bipolar disorder, or addiction, also play a significant role.
Medical Cannabis: Where’s the Line?
In specific cases, cannabinoids are used for medical purposes, but this doesn’t eliminate risks or guarantee 'complete safety.' International health organizations emphasize the need for clear medical indications, standardized dosing, and monitoring of side effects (WHO). The principle mirrors that of other psychoactive substances: benefits are possible in narrow clinical contexts, but self-medication increases the likelihood of adverse outcomes.
How to Reduce Risks (If You’re Already Using)
- Avoid high-potency products and frequent daily use.
- Delay starting cannabis use for as long as possible and avoid combining it with alcohol or other substances.
- Monitor for signs of anxiety, sleep disturbances, obsessive thoughts, or paranoia—if these emerge, pause use and seek professional advice.
- If you notice signs of problematic use, reach out to specialists or addiction support hotlines.
Disclaimer: This material is for informational and educational purposes only and does not replace consultation with a doctor or therapist. If you experience persistent changes in mood, anxiety, thoughts of self-harm, psychotic symptoms, or difficulties controlling cannabis use, please consult a qualified professional.